注釋：

①Barry R Schneider and William L. Dowdy eds., Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink,(London: Frank Cass Publishers, 1998), pp. 60～66; Barry R. Schneider, Future War and Counterproliferation: U. S. Military Responses to NBC Proliferation Threats(London: Praeger, 1999), pp. 49～51; Brad Roberts, "From Nonproliferation to Antiproliferation," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 1(Summer 1993), pp. 139～173; Henry Sokolski, "Fighting Proliferation With Intelligence," Orbis, Vol. 38, Issue2(Spring 1994), pp. 245～260.

②Daniel H. Joyner, "The Proliferation Security Initiative: Nonproliferation, Counterproliferation, and International Law, " The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 30, Issue 2(Summer 2005); Pete V. Domenici, "Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1(Winter 1995), pp. 145～152；顧國良：《美國“防擴(kuò)散安全倡議”評析》，載《美國研究》，2004年第3期。

③Thomas W. Graham, "Winning The Nonproliferation Battle," Arms Control Today, Vol. 21, July 1991, pp. 8～13; James F. Leonard and Adam M Scheinman, "Denuclearizing South Asia: Global Approaches to a Regional Problem," Arms Control Today, Vol. 23, June 1993, pp. 17～22.

④The Center for Counterproliferation Research, At the Crossroads: Counterproliferation and National Security Strategy(Washington, D. C.: National Defense University Press, April 2004); Robert S. Chase, Emily B. Hill and Paul Kennedy, "Pivotal States and U. S. Strategy," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 1(Jan/Feb 1996), p. 37; John Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War," International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1(Summer 1990), p. 54; Ted Galen Carpenter, "A New proliferation Policy," The National Interest，Vol. 33，Summer 1992，pp. 63～72;滕建群：《中美關(guān)系中的防擴(kuò)散與反擴(kuò)散因素》，載《國際問題研究》，2006年第4期。

⑤Peter A. Clausen, Nonproliferation and the National Interest(HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993),p. xii; Barry R. Schneider, Future War and Counter proliferation, pp. 2～3; Thomas W. Graham, Winning the Nonproliferation Battle, p. 13; David A V. Fischer, Stopping the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: The Past and the Prospects,(Routledge, 1992); Ira Straus, "Reversing Proliferation," The National Interest, Vol. 45, Fall 2004, p. 63; Dingli Shen, "Can Sanctions Stop Proliferation?" The Washington Quarterly，Vol. 31, No.3(Summer 2008)，pp. 89～99；夏立平：《美國反核擴(kuò)散戰(zhàn)略與防核擴(kuò)散政策》，載《國際問題研究》，2008年第1期。

⑥Gregory J. Rattray, Explaining Weapons Proliferation: Going Beyond the Security Dilemma, INSS Occasional Paper 1, July 1994; William Kincade, Nuclear Proliferation: Diminishing Threat? INSS Occasional Paper 6, December 1995; Center for Counterproliferation Research, At the Crossroads, p. 2.

⑦Counterproliferation Program Review Committee(CPRC), Report on Activities and Programs for Courtering Proliferation and NBC Terrorism, Executive Summary, May 2003.

⑧Alan C. Bridges, Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: U. S. Policy and Practice in the Late 1990's Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, April 1999.

⑨Mary Beth Nikitin and Paul K. Kerr, Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status, Congressional Research Service(CRS)Report, RL31559, October 18, 2010, p. 37.

⑩John R. Bolton, "Bush Administration's forward Strategy for Nonproliferation," The Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2005, pp. 395～404.

(11)Fact Sheet, "Designation of Iranian Entities and Individuals for Proliferation Activities and Support for Terrorism," October 25, 2007, available at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/oct/94193.htm.

(12)Department of Commerce, Export Administration Annual Report Fiscal Year 1998, p. 35.

(13)Office of Technology Assessment(OTA), Export Controls and Nonproliferation Policy(Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office), May 1994, pp. 43～46.

(14)ACDA Annual Report(1995), available at: http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/acda/reports/anrpt_95.htm.

(15)Stephen Kaufman, "Conference Seeks to Strengthen Nuclear Nonproliferation," available at: http://www.america.gov.

(16)Dr. Vicente Garrido Rebolledo, NATO and Counterproliferation: A New Role for the Alliance, pp. 29～30.

(17)Paul I. Bernstein, International Partnerships to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction(Washington D. C.: National Defense University Press, May 2008), p. 29.

(18)艾什頓·卡特、威廉·佩里：《預(yù)防性防御：一項(xiàng)美國新安全戰(zhàn)略》(胡利平等譯)，上海人民出版社，2000年1月，第72頁。

(19)Amy F. Woolf, Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin, Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements, CRS Report, RL33865, April 9, 2008.

(20)CPRC, Report on Activities and Programs for Countering Proliferation and NBC Terrorism, Vol. I, Executive Summary, July 2009, p. 17.

(21)Kenneth Watman and Dean Wilkening, U. S. Regional and Deterrence Strategies(Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1995), pp. 13～14.

(22)Amy F. Woolf, US Nuclear Weapons: Changes in Policy and Force Structure, CRS Report, RL31632, February 23, 2004, p. 24.

(23)"Statement of General Kevin P. Chilton Commander, United States Strategic Command before the House Committee on Armed Services," April 14, 2010; "Statement of Dr. James N. Miller, Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, for Policy Before the House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services," April 14, 2010.

(24)Walter Pincus, "Life Span of US Nuclear Weapons Will Increase Under Plan," Washington Post, May 18, 2011.

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(26)Philipp C. Bleek, "Nuclear Posture Review Leaks: Outlines Targets, Contingencies," Arms Control Today, Vol. 32, April 2002.

(27)Statement of Thomas P. D'Agostino, Under Secretary for Nuclear Security and Administrator National Nuclear Security Administration, "U. S. Department of Energy on the Nuclear Posture Review Before the House Armed Services Committee," April 14, 2010.

(28)Center for Counterproliferation Research, At the Crossroads, p. 35.

(29)David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, "U. S. Faces Choice on New Weapons for Fast Strikes," The New York Times, April 23, 2010.

(30)The White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.14.

(31)Christine Kucia, "Counterproliferation at Core of New Security Strategy," Arms Control Today, Vol. 32, October 2002; John Steinbruner, "Confusing Ends and Means: The Doctrine of Coercive Pre-emption," Arms Control Today, Vol. 33, January/February 2003.

(32)"Merle David Kellerhals Jr., Clinton, Gates Discuss U. S. Nuclear Strategy," available at: http://www.america.gov.

(33)David E. Sanger and Peter Baker, "Obama to Adopt Narrowed Stand on New Nuclear Arms", New York Times, April 6, 2010, Al.

(34)Craig H. Allen, Maritime Counterproliferation Operations and the Rule of Law(Westport: Praeger Security International, 2007), p. 28.

(35)Harald Mueller and Mitchell Reiss, "Counterproliferation: Putting New Wine in Old Bottles," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2(Spring 1995), p. 143.

(36)The While House, National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December 11, 2002.

(37)CPRC, Report on Activities and Programs for Countering Proliferation and NBC Terrorism, Vol. I, Executive Summary, July 2009, p. 14.

(38)Department of Defense, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense Program, May 2004, Appendix A.

(39)John Mearsheimer, Back to the Future, p. 54.

(40)George Perkovich, "Bush's Nuclear Revolution: A Regime Change in Nonproliferation," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 2(March/April 2003), pp. 2～8.

(41)Stephen Rademaker, "Blame America First," The Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2007, p. 15.

(42)John R. Harvey, "U. S. Nuclear Weapons Programs: Implications for Nonproliferation," Comparative Strategy, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2007.

(43)Ariel E. Levite, "Never Say Never Again: Nuclear Reversal Revisited," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3(Winter 2002/2003), pp. 59～88.

(44)Democratic National Committee, "The 2008 Democratic National Platform: Renewing America's Promise," August 25, 2008, p. 32, available at: http://www.democrats.org/a/party/platform.html.

(45)Agence France-Presse, "Obama Will Not Change Nuclear Deal With India: Report," July 12, 2008, available at: http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hD8rqCuh4wxWg6iW2PESOvIdukTQ.

(46)Daryl Kimball, "The International Security Value of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty," November 2002, available at: http://www.armscontrol.org.

(47)Kerry Boyd and Seth Brugger, from Arms Control Association, Briefing Paper on the Status of Biological Weapons Nonproliferation, Updated, May 2003.

(48)Suzanne Nossel, "Smart Power," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 2(March/April 2004), p. 131.

(49)Cole Harvey, "Obama Sets New Course on Arms Control," Arms Control Today, Vol. 39, March 2009.

(50)Democratic National Committee, "The 2008 Democratic National Platform: Renewing America's Promise," available at: http://www.democrats.org/a/party/platform.html.

(51)"Statement of Deputy Secretary of State James B. Steinberg at Carnegie International Nonproliferation Conference," April 6, 2009.

(52)Randy Huiss, Proliferation of Precision Strike: Issues for Congress, CRS Report, R42539, May 14, 2012, pp. 36～37.

(53)Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, January 2001, p. 74.

(54)OTA, Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risk(Washington, DC:, Government Printing Office, August 1993), pp. 65～66.

(55)Mary Beth Nikitin and Paul K. Kerr, Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status, CRS Report, RL31559, October 18, 2010, p. 33.

(56)National Air and Space Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat, June 2009.

(57)Gennady Khromov, "The Threat Of Cruise Missile Proliferation Requires Urgent Coordinated Actions," The Monitor, Vol. 3/4. No. 4/1(Fall 1997/Winter 1998), p. 3.

(58)沈丁立：《核擴(kuò)散與國際安全》，載《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治》，2008年第2期。

(59)"US Official Hints at Lifting Nuclear Curbs on India," New Delhi, October 22, 2010, available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/US-official-hints-at-lifting-nuclear-curbs-on-India/Articlel-616204.aspx.

(60)"India Has a Solid Nonproliferation Record," Washington, April 19, 2012, available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/India-has-a-solid-nonproliferation-record-US/Articlel-842800.aspx.

(61)《對奧巴馬新政，中東“夙敵”謹(jǐn)慎認(rèn)可》，《新華每日電訊》2009年4月14日。

(62)Siegfried S. Hecker, "The Risks of North Korea's Nrestart," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 12, 2009.

(63)Rosalind R. Reynolds, Nuclear Proliferation: The Diplomatic Role of Non-Weaponized Programs, INSS Occasional Paper 7, January 1996, p. 8.

(64)The 1994 Nuclear Posture Reuiew, July 8, 2005, available at: http://www.nukestrat.com/us/reviews/npr1994.htm.

(65)Sharon A. Squassoni, Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons and Missiles: Status and Trends, CRS Report, RL30699, Updated January 14, 2005.

(66)Hans M Kristensen, "Global strike: A Chronology of the Pentagon's New Offensive Strike Plan," available at: www.nukestrat.com.

(67)The White House, Nation Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December 2002, p. 3; Nikholas Kralev, "Bush Signs Paper Allowing Nuclear Response," Washington Times, January 31, 2003.

(68)Hans M. Kristense, "Counterproliferation and US Nuclear Strategy," International Journal, Vol. 63, Autumn 2008.

(69)Robert S. Norris and Hans M Kristensen, "Nuclear Notebook: U. S. Nuclear Forces," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 2009.

(70)U. S. Department of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review Report, April 2010; The White House, National Security Strategy, May 2010, p. 4.

(71)Under Secretary of State Ellen O. Tauscher, "House Armed Services Committee Hearing on U. S. Nuclear Weapons Policy and Force Structure," April 14, 2010; "Merle David Kellerhals Jr., Clinton, Gates Discuss U. S. Nuclear Strategy," available at: http://www.americagov.

(72)George Perkovich, "Bush's Nuclear Revolution", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 2, March/April 2003, pp.2～8.

(73)騰建群：《核威懾新論》，載《國際問題研究》，2009年第6期。

(74)National Air and Space Intelligence Center, Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat, June 2009, U. S. State Department on U. S. Nonproliferation Efforts, September 7, 2001. http://usinfo.state.gov.

(75)Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, November 1997, p. 4.

(76)Heather Wilson, "Missed Opportunities: Washington Politics and Nuclear Proliferation," The National Interest, Vol. 34, 1993/1994, pp. 26～36.

(77)Bertrand Goldschmidt, "A Historical Survey of Nonproliferation Policies," International Security, Vol. 2, No. 1(Summer 1977), pp. 69～87.

(78)Michael Klare, "Endless Military Superiority," The Nation, July 15, 2002, pp. 12～14.

(79)Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press, "The Rise of U. S. Nuclear Primacy," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No.2, March/April 2006, pp. 42～54.

(80)Nuclear Disarmament, CQ Researcher, Vol. 19, No. 34, October 2, 2009, p. 820.

(81)David E. Sanger, "Obama Reaps Vows to Secure Nuclear Stocks," New York Times, April 14, 2010, A6.

(82)David E. Sanger and Peter Baker, "Obama to Adopt Narrowed Stand on New Nuclear Arms," New York Times, April 16, 2010, A1.

(83)"Washington Nuclear Security Summit Work Plan," available at: http://www.america.gov/

(84)Colum Lynch, "The Nuclear Backlash Begins," Foreign Policy, April 20, 2010.